Hello. We will learn about the basic methodology of statistical mechanics in this chapter.
The necessity of statistical mechanics
Quantum mechanically, we can say that if we know the quantum numbers that specify the wave function, we know everything about the state. For example, if there are
Classically, if we know the system's position in the phase space
However, if there are lots of particles and if they are interacting, classically or quantum mechanically it is impossible to specify the exact microstate. All we can do is specify some physical quantities of the system, such as the energy or volume. This way of description, not knowing everything about the system but only some macroscopic variables, is called the macrostate.
Of course, many microstates correspond to the same macrostate. Thus, we do not know the exact state of the system, it seems like we know nothing about other quantities. To solve this, we introduce the concept of ensembles. We set many copies of macrostates and take the average over them.
Wait! You would have thought that if the standard deviation is too large, then the average value might have too large errors. Actually, while it is beyond our scope, the ratio between standard deviation and average is inversely proportional to
This formalism, using ensembles to compute the physical quantities statistically, is called statistical mechanics. We need it since we do not know the microstate of a system. Now we have figured out the necessity of statistical mechanics, let's go into the fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics.
Fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics
From above, we compute the quantities by taking the average over the ensemble. However, we need to know the distribution of microstates in the ensemble. The fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics, which will be introduced soon, gives the answer to this question.
From here, we only deal with "equilibrium" states. For nonequilibrium states, there is a discipline called nonequilibrium statistical physics, but it is graduate level and beyond the scope of the series.
The fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics states that in an ensemble, every microstate has equal probabilities. This is reasonable since no principles rule out this case and according to Liouville's theorem in classical mechanics, the uniform distribution is maintained after time evolutions. To show the rightness of this postulate, Boltzmann proposed the H-theorem. However, in principle, this postulate should be tested by the experiments.
This time, we learned about the necessity of statistical mechanics and its fundamental postulate. Now, we are equipped with the basics, we will go through the statistical mechanics next time.
References and further readings
F. Reif, "Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics", Chapter 2.1 ~ 2.3
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